Having completed the top 10 Cognitive Capacities to develop in our youth, let's delve in a little more deeply.  Discernment has been on my mind lately as I have taken my own deepdive into the world of AI.  How do we know what is true anymore.  It is so easy to create fake images, news stories, and the like.  

Discernment is the ability to distinguish right from wrong, truth from falsehood.  In Christian circles, discernment is thought of as a spiritual gift.  I see it as one of our greatest cognitive capacities.  It can be developed in each of us.  Personally, I am noticing that my own discernment has been elevated.  I am not sure what has caused the shift, but I can tell without even listening to the words, whether something is true or not.  This is discernment in the highest secnse of the word. a spiritual ability to sense truth.  But how do we teach this?

At first we should probably help our kids through noticing patterns of behavior.  To get into the sensing part, can be something you might choose to experiment with, depending on the open-mindedness of your audience.  You can even host these conversations, and have them play games where they tell 2 truths and a lie, and have them look for signs of lying.

Beyond just the actual act of sensing a lie, there are many ways we can teach out kids to be on the look-out for manipulation.

Here is an example of a loose curricular framework focused on developing awareness around the concept of manipulation.  

Developing Discernment: The Art of Seeing Clearly

Discernment is one of the most powerful forms of intelligence, because it allows us to navigate complexity without falling into fear or naivety. The question isn’t just who or what do I trust?—it’s how do I recognize truth and integrity in a world full of noise?

Discernment starts with detecting manipulation. 

 Tell-Tale Signs of Manipulation - Learning to detect when something is off.

1. Contradictions in Their Own Story
 How to Detect It:
If someone keeps shifting their logic, contradicting what they said earlier, or using reasoning that doesn’t align, it raises a red flag.
Example: A person says they value honesty but then justifies deception.

If someone’s words and actions don’t match, or their story keeps changing, that’s a sign they might not be trustworthy.

​ Discernment Practice:
Ask, “Is this consistent?”
If their story keeps shifting, it might be manipulation or self-deception.

2. Emotional Manipulation (Forcing a Reaction)
How to Detect It:
If a person’s language is designed to provoke a strong emotional response instead of offering balanced information, I note that as a potential manipulation attempt.
Example: “If you really cared about people, you’d agree with me.” (This is guilt-tripping, not reasoning.)

Be wary of emotional pressure tactics: guilt, shame, flattery, or urgency.
If someone makes you feel like you owe them something just for existing, that’s a red flag.

Discernment Practice:
Ask, “Am I being asked to think or just to feel?”
Pause before reacting emotionally to see if you still feel the same way later.

3. Black-and-White Thinking
How to Detect It:
If someone presents only two extreme choices, ignoring nuance, they are likely controlling the narrative.
Example: “Either you’re with us, or you’re the enemy.”

Manipulators limit your options to control your choices.
Reality is usually more complex than two choices.

Discernment Practice:
Ask, “Are there more than two options?”
If someone is making you choose between only extremes, step back.

4. Overuse of Flattery or Devaluing
How to Detect It:
If someone praises me excessively or belittles me repeatedly, it’s usually a sign they’re trying to influence my behavior.  Manipulators alternate between idealizing and devaluing to keep control.
Example: “You’re amazing, but if you don’t agree with me, I’ll be so disappointed.”

Watch for people who love-bomb or tear you down to control you.
Healthy relationships don’t require you to earn someone’s approval.

Discernment Practice:
Ask, “Is this flattery balanced with honesty?”
If someone’s approval feels conditional, they may be controlling you.

5. Information Control
How to Detect It:
If someone withholds key details, distorts facts, or overwhelms with too much information, it’s often an attempt to control perception.
Example: “Trust me, I know what’s best. You don’t need to read the details.”

If someone is limiting what you can know, they might be hiding something.
People who truly have nothing to hide encourage independent thinking.

Discernment Practice:
Ask, “Am I allowed to question this?”
If questioning is discouraged, it’s a red flag.

Developing  Discernment
Discernment is not about distrusting everything—it’s about trusting wisely.
To reloop negative thinking patterns around trust, try:
 1. Recognizing fear vs. intuition. (Fear screams, intuition nudges.)
 2. Questioning extreme thoughts. (Is there a middle ground?)
 3. Pausing before reacting emotionally. (Give yourself space.)
 4. Checking for manipulation patterns. (Are they using guilt, control, or fear?)
 5. Trusting actions more than words. (People show their truth through behavior.)

Final Thought: Discernment Creates Freedom
Discernment doesn’t mean never trusting—it means choosing trust consciously.
It keeps you open but protected.
It allows you to engage deeply without being easily manipulated.
It gives you freedom from unconscious programming—so you can make decisions based on clarity, not fear.

Empathy hits our list as number 10.  Tied with compassion, empathy is understood as the neural foundation upon which compassion is built, and that by intentionally engaging those empathic circuits, we create the conditions for authentic, emotionally-informed compassionate action to emerge.  

• Empathy is the cognitive and emotional capacity to feel with another--to imagine their experience, to mirror their emotional state. It’s a skill rooted in Theory of Mind, neural mirroring, and social-emotional development.
  
• Compassion goes one step further: it is empathy with action. It not only feels what another feels but wants to alleviate suffering. Compassion engages both cognitive awareness and moral choice. Neuroscience shows it activates regions linked to caregiving and reward, not distress.
  
  

From Empathy to Compassion: Building the Neural Pathways of HumanityBefore we can care for others, we must be able to feel with them. Empathy is the first bridge--the quiet attunement that allows us to sense what another might be feeling, to imagine their experience as if it were our own. It is not agreement or approval, but connection. And it begins in the brain.
Empathy is rooted in neural systems that are present from birth, yet shaped by experience. The mirror neuron system, the insula, and parts of the prefrontal cortex all contribute to our ability to perceive and process the emotional states of others. Like language or music, these circuits can remain dormant, underdeveloped--or they can be awakened, strengthened, refined.
When a child is seen, soothed, and understood, these neural pathways begin to light up. When students are guided to recognize facial expressions, reflect on feelings, or consider someone else’s perspective, empathy begins to crystallize into consciousness.
But empathy alone is not enough.
What we seek is not just the ability to feel what others feel, but the motivation to respond with care. This is compassion--the flowering of empathy into purposeful, humane action. Compassion integrates the heart’s resonance with the mind’s discernment. It transforms feeling into doing.
And here’s the beautiful part: by developing the neural substrate of empathy, we lay the groundwork for compassion to grow organically. With guidance, reflection, and repeated engagement, compassionate action becomes not a performance, but an extension of who we are.
In this way, compassion is not a commandment--it is a capacity. And it begins, always, with the simple, sacred act of feeling with another.

The Decline in Empathy: What the Research ShowsA landmark study by researchers at the University of Michigan (Konrath et al., 2010) analyzed data from nearly 14,000 college students between 1979 and 2009. Their findings were stark:

• Empathic concern declined by 48%, and
  
• Perspective-taking declined by 34%.
  

This wasn't just statistical noise--it represented a generational shift. Students in the 2000s scored dramatically lower in empathy than those in the late 1970s or 1980s.  The causes are complex and intertwined, but here are a few key factors discussed in the literature:

1. Digital technology and social media:  Increased screen time has reduced face-to-face interaction, which is essential for developing emotional attunement and reading social cues.  Online environments often reward performance over authenticity, and disinhibition can lead to cruelty without immediate consequence.
   
2. Cultural individualism:  A cultural shift toward self-focus, competition, and personal branding can weaken the drive to connect with or care about others’ inner lives.  Empathy, which requires presence and vulnerability, is de-emphasized in favor of efficiency, status, and control.
   
3. Information overload and compassion fatigue: Constant exposure to global suffering--without meaningful outlets for response--can lead to emotional numbing.  The human nervous system is not wired to hold the suffering of millions. Without local, relational outlets, we disengage as a survival mechanism.
   
4. Economic and social instability: When people are under chronic stress or threat, their capacity for empathy diminishes, as the brain prioritizes self-protection over connection.
   

Empathy isn’t just a “soft skill”--it’s the engine of moral reasoning, community building, and human conscience. Without it, relationships degrade, institutions become indifferent, and societies grow cold.
A decline in empathy predicts:
Increased polarization
Breakdown of civil discourse
Higher rates of bullying, narcissism, and cruelty
Decreased willingness to help those outside one’s in-group
🌟 What Can Be Done?The good news is: empathy is not fixed. Like a muscle, it can be strengthened with intentional practice and cultural support.
Programs that integrate:

• Social-emotional learning (SEL)
  
• Literature and narrative immersion
  
• Mindfulness and reflective practices
  
• Face-to-face dialogue across differences
  …have been shown to rebuild empathy, especially in young people.
  

Even simple classroom activities--like sharing personal stories, practicing perspective-taking, or role-playing moral dilemmas--can reactivate dormant empathic pathways.
To address this quiet crisis, we must begin by recognizing that empathy is not simply a trait we either have or lack--it is a capacity that can be nurtured, shaped, and restored. The neural networks that support empathy are built through lived experience: through face-to-face connection, through listening deeply to others' stories, through pausing long enough to feel what another might be feeling. If we want to reawaken compassion in our youth, we must create the conditions for it to arise. This means slowing down the pace of constant performance and reintroducing moments of presence, reflection, and relational learning into our classrooms and communities. It means offering children safe spaces to feel, to express, and to make sense of what they see in others and in themselves. And it means modeling compassion ourselves--not as a performance of virtue, but as a daily practice of choosing to care. The architecture of empathy is still within us, waiting to be rebuilt. And when it is, compassion will follow--not out of obligation, but as the natural expression of a heart that has remembered how to feel.

What I really wanted to write here was gratitude as the gateway to humility.  Gratitude seems like an odd duck in this line up.  How can we think of this as an ability?  But it is, and it can and should be develoed for several reasons.  First and foremost, we have within our own make-up a negativity bias.   It refers to the tendency of the human brain to  Give more weight to negative experiences, emotions, or information than to positive ones of equal intensity.

It’s a strange truth about the human mind: we tend to notice what’s wrong more easily than what’s right. A single harsh comment can echo in our minds for days, while a dozen kind words may pass through us like wind. We fixate on the mistake in the sentence, the one dark cloud in the sky, the slight misstep in an otherwise beautiful day. This isn’t a personal failing--it’s a universal tendency, known in cognitive science as the negativity bias.

From an evolutionary perspective, this bias once served us well. For our ancestors, missing a sign of danger could mean death. The brain adapted by becoming highly sensitive to threat, failure, and disapproval--anything that could jeopardize survival. That adaptation lives on in us today. Even in a world where most of us are no longer running from predators, our nervous systems remain tuned to detect the bad before the good.
This is why we often remember painful experiences more vividly than joyful ones. Why criticism lingers while praise fades. Why a moment of social rejection can burn far longer than hours of connection. It’s not weakness--it’s wiring.

But here’s the hope: while this bias is built in, it’s not unchangeable. The human brain is plastic--it rewires with experience, especially when we bring conscious awareness to what we’re doing. And one of the most powerful ways to shift this inner balance is through the simple, transformative act of gratitude.
Gratitude does not deny pain or pretend everything is fine. Instead, it invites us to pause and notice the good that is also present. The warmth of sunlight on your face. The unexpected kindness of a friend. The breath you’re taking right now. When practiced regularly, gratitude begins to build new neural pathways--ones that can balance the brain’s tendency to tilt toward fear and sorrow.
Studies in neuroscience have shown that cultivating gratitude increases dopamine and serotonin, the brain’s feel-good chemicals. It strengthens relationships, improves sleep, reduces stress, and--perhaps most importantly--reorients our attention toward life’s gifts, however small.

In a world that so easily overwhelms us with negativity, gratitude is a quiet rebellion--a way to say: I see the good, too. I choose to remember the light.   While gratitude might seem like a simple or even sentimental practice, research shows it can lead to lasting changes in how we think, feel, and relate to the world.

 Long-Term Effects of Gratitude Training
One 2016 study (Kini et al., NeuroImage) found that even weeks after a gratitude writing intervention, participants showed greater activation in these regions compared to control groups. The effect persisted, suggesting a re-patterning of neural activity toward prosocial and positive thought. 

Increases in Empathy and social cognition (medial prefrontal cortex) and  Reward and motivation (ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens) have been noted with gratitude training.

​Gratitude reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety--not just short-term, but sustained over months, even after the structured practice ends. This has been demonstrated in studies comparing gratitude journals to neutral journaling or expressive writing. Longitudinal research shows gratitude practices can improve sleep quality, reduce blood pressure, and lower cortisol levels--suggesting gratitude doesn't just help us feel better, but also heals and stabilizes the nervous system.  Over time, gratitude training appears to increase baseline levels of: Optimism, Altruism, Contentment, Trust in others.  These traits reinforce a positive feedback loop--gratitude increases well-being, and well-being makes it easier to feel grateful.
What other practice can have better effects than this simple focus on gratitude.

Getting Started:
Even 2–4 weeks of consistent gratitude journaling (3–5 entries per week) can start shifting emotional tone. But longer-term changes (3+ months) are more deeply ingrained when:
The practice is authentic and emotionally engaged (not just listing items mechanically)
Gratitude is directed toward people, not just things (relational gratitude is more impactful)
Reflection is paired with sharing, storytelling, or acts of kindness
Gratitude isn’t just a fleeting feeling--it’s a form of attention retraining, a way to reshape the lens through which we see the world. Like strengthening a muscle, the more we practice, the more natural it becomes.
And with time, it does more than lift the mood. It changes the mind.
It softens the heart.

And it slowly makes trust, joy, and peace the default rather than the exception.

Gratitude for Success and Personal Gifts
Gratitude has one additional benefit, in that it protects against ego-inflation.  When students experience success, when they are taught to be grateful for thier gifts and talents, rather than prideful, the avoid the traps of competition, comparison and arrogance.

Gratitude, when practiced sincerely, interrupts ego inflation. Not by denying our gifts, but by placing them in context. It reminds us that we didn’t create ourselves. That our talents were shaped by others, by time, by grace. That someone taught us to read. Someone held space for us to grow. That every step was walked on ground we did not lay.
Pride isolates. It says, “Look what I did.”
Gratitude connects. It says, “I’m thankful I got to be part of this.”
And in that shift, we do not lose our joy--we deepen it. Because true joy doesn’t come from standing above others, but from standing with them in awe. Gratitude keeps us grounded and luminous, letting us celebrate without losing our humility.
It is possible to shine without casting a shadow.
Gratitude is how we remember how.

“The neural platform for morality is built from the same basic circuitry that we use for attachment and social bonding. From that platform, we learn to trust and care.”
(Braintrust, 2011)

It may be strange to think of trust as a cognitive capacity, but similar to discernment, Trust is one of the most critical element of navigating social interactions.  In fact, there is no point in discernment if there is no trust.  A student who does not trust cannot connect.  They protect themselves with walls that block information and relationship with others.  

Developing trust between yourself and a student is one thing, but even more important is the general ability to understand what is happening when interacting with others, or oneself.  Students who struggle with trust, often do not trust themselves.  Everything becomes overwhelming and bewildering.  In this state of distrust, there is a continuous stress response, high cortisol levels interfere with learning and memory.

Trust is an Ability.  It can be developed.
In developmental psychology trust is a core competency.  From infancy, trust forms the foundation of all social-emotional learning. Erikson’s stages highlight it as the first developmental task. Failure to develop basic trust leads to insecurity, anxiety, and relationship difficulties later on. In Attachment theory (Bowlby, Ainsworth) shows that secure attachment creates an inner sense of safety from which exploration, learning, and empathy emerge. Insecure or disorganized attachment correlates with distrust and emotional dysregulation.  Thus, trust becomes an adaptive capacity--a learned filter for navigating the world of relationships.
Trust is mapped in the brain.  Virginia Churchland, a leading neurophilosopher, writes on on social neuroscience, morality, and attachment in her book Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us About Morality.
Trust as a Neurobiological Phenomenon
Churchland argues that morality--and by extension trust--is deeply rooted in biology, not just culture or reason.  Trust begins in attachment: The mammalian brain evolved to care for offspring. This caregiving system--based on oxytocin and vasopressin--was later extended to mates, kin, and eventually social groups. So, trust begins not in abstract reasoning, but in felt safety and bonding.  Oxytocin and trust: She discusses how oxytocin promotes bonding and reduces fear--helping mammals (including humans) feel safe enough to trust. Trust, then, is biologically scaffolded--it emerges from neural systems built for nurturing.

Churchland suggests that trust was evolutionarily advantageous:  Animals that could cooperate--through trust--were more likely to survive.  Humans, especially, depended on social cohesion. So trust became a cognitive-emotional strategy for navigating complex social environments.
In this way, trust is not naive--it’s a strategic behavior deeply tied to survival, regulated by brain systems that weigh risk, past experience, and social cues.  In Braintrust, Churchland makes the case that moral behavior, including when to trust and when to withhold trust, is learned through: social experience, trial-and-error, and feedback from trusted caregivers
So trust is not fixed--it’s developmental and shaped by the environment, brain chemistry, cultural norms.  Her work shows that we can help build this powerful ability.  

Discernment: The Capacity to Perceive Clearly
Discernment is the evaluative function of consciousness. It involves:

• Analyzing and judging the reliability, safety, or truth of something.
• Drawing distinctions: Is this safe or unsafe? True or false? Good or harmful?
• Integrating perception, memory, reasoning, and moral awareness.

It’s more cognitive, more conscious, and typically associated with the prefrontal cortex--where critical thinking and decision-making happen.

Discernment asks:
"What do I see?"
"Is this what it seems?"
"Does this align with my values and experiences?"

Trust: The Capacity to Risk Connection
Trust is the relational function of consciousness. It involves:

• Letting go of control and allowing another person or process to influence you.
• Allowing vulnerability--choosing openness when you cannot be certain of the outcome.
• Releasing excessive vigilance to allow connection, learning, or intimacy.

 
How They Interact

• Discernment protects trust. Without it, we trust blindly--falling into naivety or repeating harmful patterns.
• Trust enables discernment to be useful. Without trust, we stay locked in suspicion, analysis paralysis, or emotional disconnection.

Discernment without trust leads to isolation. Trust without discernment leads to danger.

Together, they form a mature social and moral compass. The goal is to raise young people who can discern wisely and trust courageously--able to recognize truth, stand in integrity, and still risk the openness required for real connection.

Trust is more affective, more felt, and related to attachment systems and social-emotional regulation.
Trust asks:
"Can I allow myself to be influenced here?"
"Do I feel safe enough to open?"
"Is there room for me to soften and receive?"

The Web of Human Flourishing: Trust, Connection, Love, and Intimacy
From the moment we are born, we are wired for connection. The infant’s cry, the parent’s soothing touch, the gaze between two people--these are not just emotional exchanges, but neural activators, immune regulators, and lifelong pattern-shapers. At the center of it all is trust--the foundational condition that makes connection possible.

How They Are Connected

• Trust is the openness to being in relationship without constant fear or defense.
• Human connection is the experience of shared presence--being seen, known, and accepted.
• Love is the emotional bond that deepens connection and brings meaning to our shared existence.
• Intimacy is the willingness to be known fully--in our vulnerability, flaws, hopes, and needs.

Each depends on the other:

You can’t love without some level of trust.
You can’t feel intimacy without connection.
And you can’t sustain connection without emotional safety, which arises from trust.

Connection is the #1 predictor of resilience after trauma. Love gives life purpose--not just romance, but friendship, mentorship, belonging. In the end, people don’t regret what they didn’t own--they regret the love they didn’t give or receive.
We are not isolated minds floating in meat suits--we are relational beings, braided into one another’s nervous systems. Trust is the doorway, love is the glue, and connection is the lifeblood of a meaningful life.
Teaching children to build, repair, and cherish these bonds is not a sideline of education--it is the essence of it.

Curiosity is the foundation of learning, and when it shuts down, learning becomes a chore.  So supporting the development of curiosity is a critical component of sustaining healthy learning in the classroom.  

Curiosity is the foundation of all knowing:  if we can sustain curioisty and especially the feeling of wonder we can ensure that students will have connection to the basic foundation fo all learning, intrinsic motivation. 
​Interest must be awakened, not enforced: Steiner stressed that it’s the task of the teacher to awaken the interest of the child through storytelling, rhythm, imagery, and vivid teaching—not by demanding attention, but by earning it through inspired presentation.
Teaching should stir the soul: When lessons are imbued with beauty, mystery, and meaning, children are drawn in naturally. He saw imagination, art, and moral purpose as keys to cultivating deep, enduring interest.
Developmentally aligned learning: Steiner emphasized matching the form of teaching to the stage of the child's soul development. For younger children, curiosity comes through play and imitation. For middle childhood, through stories and pictures. For adolescents, through real-life moral and philosophical questions.
Protect the flame of inquiry: Early intellectualization and rote memorization can “dry out” the learning experience.  If you give the student the answer, there is no need for them to be curious.  Rote memorization requires zero curiosity and wonder.  It can destroy the innate spark of curiosity.

Ways to Encourage Curiosity in the Classroom:

1. Ask Open-Ended Questions:  Use “Why do you think…?” or “What would happen if…?” prompts to open doors for exploration.
   
2. Model Wonder:  Be visibly curious yourself. Say aloud, “I wonder how this works,” or, “Let’s find out together.”
   
3. Create Mystery:  Introduce new topics with intrigue or a puzzle--e.g., an object in a mystery bag, a quote with no context, or a riddle to spark engagement.
   
4. Let Students Lead:  Give space for student-generated questions and let those shape discussions and activities. Allow detours if a student’s interest is sparked.
   
5. Encourage Hands-On Exploration:  Use materials they can manipulate, explore, or build with. Inquiry-based science and nature walks are excellent here.
   
6. Limit Over-Explaining:  Let them dwell in “not knowing” for a bit. Instead of answering everything immediately, say: “What could it be?” or “What do you notice?”
   
7. Introduce the Unexpected:  Bring in a strange artifact, a surprising fact, or a guest speaker who challenges assumptions.
   
8. Offer Creative Expression:  Use art, music, storytelling, and journaling to explore topics from many angles. Curiosity often grows through imaginative engagement.
   
9. Connect to the Bigger Picture:  Show how topics connect to real-world challenges or personal meaning, encouraging deeper inquiry.
   

What do our children need most in this era of AI and information overload?  What will the role of humanity be in the future?  It will be to guide us towards a positive potential.  If you believe in the Law of Attraction then the most important capacity for creating this positive future is that if Imagination.

Even Einstein said, "Imagination is more powerful than knowledge."

It is the start of all creation.  Creativity is a capacity that involves the will force, but even before something is created in the world, it is imagined in the mind.  

The work of Neville Goddard uses imagination as a tool to create.  With our youth, imagination comes easily, we only need to keep fostering this natural ability to help them utilize this in ways that will lead them to a good life.  

Perhaps one of the cricial elements in this is to make them aware of what they are imagining for their life and the world around them.  There are so many frightening images on the television and even in Hollywood movies.  These impact a child's inner imagination, and these ideas are often projected into their outer world.  Children who come from violent homes, or neighborhoods, have seen events that are profoundly impactful.  These images may play over and over in their minds.

We need to help them develop their own capacity to imagine what they want to see in the world.  We do not have to block out every negative image, we need only to build the capacity for them to transform the negative into a positive possibility.  This skill of positive imagination will serve as a tool for creative problem solving throughout their lives.  The Waldorf curriculum, developed by Rudolf Steiner, was created to ensure healthy soul and spiritual development.  This is an area of developement that has been all but ignored in conventional schooling.  The problem with this failure to acknowledge the soul development, is that we tend to end up with adults who are out of touch with their purpose, their deeper sense of self, and the spiritual world around them.  Steiner saw imagination as a way of keeping youth connected to the spiritual world.

Rudolf Steiner on Imagination

• Steiner taught that imagination is a soul-organ, preparing the human being for true moral insight and freedom.
  
• Without imagination, a person becomes trapped in materialism, unable to perceive spiritual realities or feel compassion for others.
  
• Imagination, in this view, is the first stage of spiritual cognition, which develops later into inspiration and intuition.
  

Tools Steiner Recommended:

• Nature-based experiences: observing natural rhythms connects children to living patterns.
  
• Artistic work: drawing, painting, music, modeling--all awaken inner pictures.
  
• Storytelling: not just reading books, but telling stories aloud, forming pictures in the soul.
  
• No media exposure in early childhood: Steiner strongly warned against screens, which replace the child's inner picture-making with pre-fabricated imagery.
  

There has been a great deal of research into the power of GRIT.  It is really all about self-control, determination and perseverance.  In some it is called stubbornness.  It can be a powerful gift, if a student learns how to use their determination in the right way.  

The problem is that many of our non-traditional learners, who have strong-wills, use that will-power to push against the authority in the classroom.  We need to find ways to help these strong-willed children develop their determination and perseverence, in essence their grit, and direct it towards meaningful activities.  

Wikipedia states that "In psychology, grit is a positive, non-cognitive trait based on a person's perseverance of effort combined with their passion for a particular long-term goal or end state (a powerful motivation to achieve an objective). This perseverance of effort helps people overcome obstacles or challenges to accomplishment and drives people to achieve."

I would beg to differ with the statement that grit is "non-cognitive".  Perhaps, a strong-will in itself is non-cognitive, but learning how to use it and direct it and control it is most definitely a cognitive capacity that can be developed.  Just ask any Marine Sargent.  What are they doing in their new recruits but developing grit?  

An interesting observation is that our students with ADHD seem to have terrible issues with grit.  They can't complete any of their assigned work.  They don't seem to be able to persevere through much of anything.  They are easily distracted and switch from one activity to the next in an instant.  But these observations have less to do with the strong will, than they have to do with the ability for these young people to work with their own will.  This is why it is necessary for the teachers to create activities that will help build the capacity to work with the will.  So, I would say that grit, is not a strong will, but grit IS the capacity to work with the strong will. If this would become the number one focus in our classrooms, our ADHD kids would flourish, and the supposed need to medicate these brilliant minds would be considered laughable.

Grit is highly related to self-control.  Self-control, which underlies delayed gratification, is a core component of grit. Angela Duckworth’s research defines grit as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Gritty individuals are able to regulate their emotions and behaviors, allowing them to stay committed even when immediate rewards are unavailable.  The ability to delay gratification as a child, as indicated by the famous Marshmallow test, is associated with a number of meaningful measures of success in adulthood.

Here are some ideas on how to build grit in our students.

• Mindfulness training: Helps improve emotional regulation and self-awareness, which are essential for resisting impulsive behavior.
• Goal setting: Encourages students to focus on long-term achievements, building the persistence needed for grit and the patience required for delayed gratification.
• Incremental rewards: Providing small rewards along the way to a larger goal helps reinforce delayed gratification while maintaining motivation.

I put attention as one of the cognitive capacities to develop.  Indeed, this was my area of expertise in Neuroscience, and so I find it ironic that I simply put attention in a general sense.  In all actuality, attention is not a unitary phenomenon.  Micheal Posner defined three aspects of attention in his own research.  And since then we can probably add at least one more component of attention.

Attention is as broad a concept as consciousness itself.  It has connections to so many areas of learning that is must be concidered one of the central elements of teaching.  

​
James’s Definition of Attention
In The Principles of Psychology, James defined attention as:
"The taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought."
This statement emphasizes the selective nature of attention—it involves focusing on a specific stimulus while filtering out others, allowing for clarity and mental engagement.

Key Characteristics of Attention

1. Selective Nature
   • James highlighted that attention is inherently selective, enabling the mind to prioritize and concentrate on specific elements of the environment while ignoring others. This selectivity is vital for navigating a world filled with sensory stimuli.
2. Voluntary and Involuntary Attention
   • James distinguished between voluntary attention, which is deliberate and effortful (e.g., focusing on studying), and involuntary attention, which is drawn automatically by stimuli (e.g., a loud noise or a sudden movement).
   • He acknowledged that voluntary attention often requires effort and is tied to our willpower and intentions.
3. Effort in Sustained Attention
   • James noted that sustaining attention over time, particularly in the face of distractions or boredom, demands mental effort. This aligns with modern understandings of cognitive load and attentional fatigue.

Attention as a Gateway to ConsciousnessJames believed that attention plays a central role in shaping conscious experience. He famously wrote:
"My experience is what I agree to attend to."
This statement underscores the idea that what we focus on determines what we perceive, experience, and ultimately integrate into our understanding of the world.

Attention’s Role in Learning and MemoryJames emphasized the importance of attention in learning and memory formation. He argued that for information to be retained in memory, it must first capture our attention. This insight aligns with contemporary research showing that attention acts as a gateway to encoding information effectively.

Attention and Habit FormationJames explored the connection between attention and habit formation. He suggested that repeated attention to specific actions or thoughts strengthens neural pathways, forming habits. This interplay between attention and repetition is foundational in habit-building theories today.

Relevance of James’s Ideas TodayModern psychology and neuroscience have validated and expanded upon many of James’s ideas about attention. For example:

• The concept of selective attention is foundational in cognitive psychology, studied through models like Broadbent’s filter theory and Treisman’s attenuation theory.
• His insights into the effort required for sustained attention align with contemporary understandings of attentional fatigue and the role of executive function.

It has been over 10 years now since I completed my thesis, and during this time we have seen greater and greater strains put on the system of public education.  Covid 19, lead to hybrid learning, which caused an even greater disconnect between teachers and students.  The CCSS continues to this day, and teachers are boxed in to content that doesn't connect with the students, and locked into pacing guides that force superficial coverage of content.  The system is completely disconnected from the students.

There is another way. The analysis of the interviews with scientists and educators points directly to how we must consider not what we teach, but how we teach in order to develop cognitive abilities.  These cognitive abilities will continue to serve the student for years to come, while simple facts will fade from memory. 

In the original analysis of the data, or perhaps mainly to create a simple version summary table, there were onl 11 examples of cognitive capacity. we needed to address.  Perspective taking was not on the list, but infact it was an important part of many of the conversations.  Today, I can see that it is clearly one of the most critical cognitive capacities to develop. 

​Perspective taking is so necessary in our divided world.  We have become a culture of narcissits who require perfect mirroring of one another.  If we do not receive the perfect mirror of our beliefs, we cut off all communication and connection.  This is the opposite of what a healthy society looks like.  Clearly, this type of narcissitic demand on people only leads to division and enmity.not

The capacity for perspective taking allows our youth to be able to hold various truths without these becoming burdonsome to their own values.  I can honor and respect a muslim woman who believes that to show your body or even your hair displeases God, while at the same time I can keep my own belief that God loves our human form and glories in its beauty.  The ability to honor multiple perspectives allows for deeper conversations to emerge.  We do not get caught up or defensive about our own beliefs and how they differ from another, but we can start to look for the places of agreement between us.

This will help us define our shared moral values, and those are the ones that can be used to help us create social norms.  We can look honestly at where we agree, and when we find differences, we can deepen our understanding of the other person and deepen our understanding of the world.  

When we are able to see each other and honor them, we will live in a more peaceful world and learn to see the beauty in our diverse ways of seeing and being in the world.

Each of us has the most important role of helping our students navigate the world.  They must know themselves, see themselves in the world around them, and have the resources to share their passion and purpose with the world.  Being able to discern what is true versus what is false is probably one of the most important skill we can provide for our students.

For Aristotle, truth was central to the pursuit of knowledge and the fulfillment of human potential. He believed that:

• Truth is the Goal of All Knowledge: In Metaphysics, Aristotle states, "To say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." This definition highlights the alignment of thought with reality as the essence of truth.
• The Virtue of Honesty: In his ethical works, such as the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle describes truthfulness as a moral virtue. He argues that honesty in words and actions is essential for virtuous living and meaningful relationships.
• Rational Inquiry as a Path to Truth: Aristotle emphasized the role of reason and systematic inquiry in discovering truth. Through logic, observation, and dialogue, individuals refine their understanding of the world.
• Truth and the Good Life: For Aristotle, living in accordance with truth is integral to achieving eudaimonia (human flourishing or happiness). A life grounded in truth fosters wisdom, integrity, and harmony with oneself and society.

Aristotle saw truth as a fundamental good—pursuing it was not only a personal responsibility but also vital for the health of communities and the pursuit of justice. For him, truth was both an intellectual pursuit and a moral imperative, shaping individuals and societies alike.

Knowing Truth shapes how we navigate the world, make decisions, and engage with society. For children, whose minds are still developing and impressionable, the ability to seek, question, and discern truth is both a gift and a necessity. Without these skills, they risk becoming passive consumers of information, vulnerable to manipulation and unable to form independent, well-reasoned perspectives.

Our current system of education has done so much damage to the inherent, natural ability to discern truth.  We have created a culture of seeking the right answer, and that the teacher is the one who knows that answer, and the student must memorize this truth.  In reality, what is true for you may not be true for me.  There is certainly a difference between fact and opinion, but what is relevant and right for me may not be the same as what is right for you.  Truth must be referenced in context. 

If we don't start to help students develop the skills of tuning into their own capacity for knowing, versus looking outside themselves, they will most likely become led into systems of beliefs that are not in their best interest.  This has always been a point of vulnerability for our youth, but it is even moreso now.  

I asked AI to tell me the biggest issues facing our youth with respect to discerning truth, and this is what it came up with.

• Information Overload: With the internet providing instant access to a staggering amount of data, students must learn to sift through conflicting ideas and sources.
• Echo Chambers: Social media and algorithms often expose children to narrow perspectives, reinforcing preexisting biases and discouraging exploration of opposing viewpoints.
• Emotional Manipulation: Advertisements, propaganda, and even news are often designed to evoke strong emotions, which can cloud rational judgment.
• Misinformation and Disinformation: Intentional and unintentional falsehoods proliferate, often disguised as credible information, making it hard to distinguish fact from fiction.

One thing that concerns me it the political weponization of information. But even more concerning is the weaponization of censorship. The idea of protecting people from information through censorship is a dangerous road to travel.  Our Constitution put Freedom of Speech as the FIRST Amendment for a reason.  When we supress dissenting voices, or unpopular opinions, we can perpetuate injustice and oppression.  In today's world, where our media are controlled by a small group of elites, this freedom of expression is ever more precious.  

The solution to guarding against manipulation due to false information is to help our youth develop better research abilities, and to know how to discern truth.  Freedom of expression can actually help build spaces where conversations around what is true, how do we know that is true, and the nuances about belief versus fact can be held.

We must allow space for all ideas, even controversial ones, can be examined, debated, and refined.  Differing viewpoints should be held up for examination, and understanding.  Courageous conversations will teach our youth that when we go through the initial discomfort of engaging in conflict resolution, show the willingness to confront opposing ideas, even at the risk of being ridiculed or losing support of certain friends, we see that these conversations open up pathways to growth and understanding, rather than being a barrier to learning. Most important, when we build this capacity we put the burden of  the responsibility for discerning truth onto the student.  The accountability shifts from the adult or authority in the room, to the individual themselves.  This leads to greater self-direction, the fundamental source of a purpose drived life.  Encouraging personal accountability and intellectual resilience in standing in one's own truth is a lifetime gift for our youth.

There are many ways that we can foster this environment in our schools and with our youth. 
To do this we must cultivate environments where:

• Questioning is Encouraged: Children should feel safe to ask, “Is this true?” without fear of judgment.
• Multiple Perspectives are Presented: Diverse viewpoints enable students to compare and contrast ideas, sharpening their critical faculties.
• Mistakes are Seen as Learning Opportunities: The process of seeking truth often involves stumbling; this must be normalized and celebrated.
• Moral and Ethical Considerations are Explored: Truth-seeking is not only intellectual but also ethical, requiring students to consider the impact of their beliefs and decisions.

In a world where the boundaries of truth are increasingly contested, teaching children to seek truth is a profound act of empowerment. It arms them with the tools to navigate complexity, resist manipulation, and contribute to a more informed, compassionate society. Only through the free exchange of ideas can we nurture the next generation of truth-seekers, ensuring they are not only prepared to face the challenges of their time but also equipped to rise above them.